Fractura de tibia como complicación del uso de un dispositivo de fijación elástica en la sindesmosis / Tibial fracture as a complication of the use of an elastic fixation device in the syndesmosis

La fijación elástica en las lesiones de la sindesmosis es un procedimiento que se realiza ampliamente y brinda buenos resultados. Presentamos un caso de una fractura de tibia como complicación de la fijación elástica de la sindesmosis, su tratamiento y una revisión bibliográfica en la cual no hemos encontrado reportes sobre esta complicación. Nivel de Evidencia: IV

Elastic fixation in syndesmosis injuries is a widely performed procedure with good outcomes. We report a case of a tibial fracture as a complication of the elastic fixation of the syndesmosis, its treatment, and a literature review, in which we have not found reports of this complication. Level of Evidence: IV

Asistencia artroscópica y fijación interna percutánea en fracturas de Maisonneuve. Evaluación por imágenes de los resultados / Arthroscopy and percutaneous internal fixation in Maisonneuve fractures. Imaging evaluation

Introducción: La fractura de Maisonneuve es una lesión caracterizada por la fractura subcapital del peroné asociada a una lesión capsuloligamentaria de tobillo. Su tratamiento supone la restauración de la anatomía ósea y capsuloligamentaria normal para restablecer las fuerzas de contacto tibioastragalinas fisiológicas. Esta calidad de reducción puede ser difícil de alcanzar, sobre todo, con técnicas percutáneas. Objetivo: Evaluar mediante imágenes la calidad de la reducción de fracturas de Maisonneuve reducidas en forma cerrada (bajo visualización directa artroscópica) y fijadas por vía percutánea. Materiales y Métodos: Se analizaron radiografías e imágenes de tomografía computarizada preoperatorias y posoperatorias, comparativas de los tobillos operado y sano. Resultados: Se evaluaron 13 fracturas. Los parámetros radiográficos posoperatorios (espacio claro medial, solapamiento tibioperoneo distal, espacio claro tibioperoneo) no registraron diferencias, excepto por el intervalo tibioperoneo anterior que aumentó en un caso. La medición tomográfica posoperatoria del solapamiento tibioperoneo distal y el intervalo tibioperoneo anterior reveló que todas las reducciones eran satisfactorias. Dos pacientes tenían valores alterados en la sindesmosis tibioperonea distal con diferencia >2 mm respecto del tobillo sano. Conclusión: Recomendamos la asistencia artroscópica para el manejo de la fractura de Maisonneuve como herramienta de control intraoperatorio para una fijación percutánea más segura. Nivel de Evidencia: IV

Introduction: Maisonneuve fracture (MF) is an injury characterized by the subcapital fracture of the fibula associated with a capsuloligamentous injury of the ankle. Treatment involves the restoration of normal bone and capsuloligamentous anatomy in order to reestablish physiological tibiotalar contact forces. This quality of reduction can be difficult to achieve, especially with percutaneous techniques. Objective: To evaluate the quality of reduction in Maisonneuve fractures reduced in a closed manner (under direct arthroscopic visualization) and fixed percutaneously. Materials and Methods: We analyzed comparative preoperative and postoperative radiographs and CT scans of the operated and healthy ankles. Results: 13 fractures were evaluated. Radiographic parameters of postoperative procedures (medial clear space, distal tibiofibular overlap, tibiofibular clear space) did not register differences except for the anterior tibiofibular space, which had increased in 1 case. Postoperative tomographic measurements of tibiofibular clear space and anterior tibiofibular space showed 100% satisfactory reductions. Two patients presented altered distal tibiofibular overlap values with a difference greater than 2 mm compared to the healthy ankle. Conclusion: We recommend arthroscopy for the management of MF as an intraoperative control tool for safer percutaneous fixation. Level of Evidence: IV

Avaliação da fixação dos avanços maxilares pela técnica de osteotomia Le Fort I / Evaluación de la fijación de avances maxilar mediante la técnica de osteotomía Le Fort I / Evaluation of the fixation of maxillary advancements by the Le Fort I osteotomy technique

Introdução: A osteotomia Le Fort I possibilita a correção de deformidades dentofaciais que envolvem o terço médio da face. Para sua fixação, convencionou-se o emprego de quatro mini-placas nos pilares zigomático-maxilar e nasomaxilar. Propôs-se então, a dispensa da fixação do segmento posterior, surgindo questionamentos relacionados à capacidade biomecânica do sistema. Objetivos: Comparar o estresse biomecânico gerado em três meios distintos de fixação da osteotomia Le Fort I frente ao movimento de avanço sagital linear maxilar de 7mm. Metodologia: Trata-se de uma pesquisa experimental laboratorial, utilizando-se da análise de elementos finitos como ferramenta analítica, a fim de constatar qual das técnicas sofrerá maior estresse biomecânico. Resultados: Constatou-se que o estresse biomecânico gerado é maior quando aplicado em 4 pontos do que quando aplicado em apenas 2 pontos. Conclusão: Os resultados obtidos fornecem informações aos cirurgiões sobre a real necessidade do uso de fixação adicional de acordo com o método de fixação planejado. No entanto, deve ser interpretado de forma cautelosa, considerando-se as limitações deste estudo. Sendo assim, uma análise incipiente, que tem como intuito o fornecimento de evidência científica de grande significância.

Introducción: La osteotomía Le Fort I permite la corrección de deformidades dentofaciales que involucran el tercio medio de la cara. Para su fijación se acordó utilizar cuatro miniplacas en los pilares cigomaticomaxilar y nasomaxilar. Entonces se propuso prescindir de la fijación del segmento posterior, planteando interrogantes relacionados con la capacidad biomecánica del sistema. Objetivos: Comparar el estrés biomecánico generado en tres medios diferentes de fijación de la osteotomía Le Fort I frente a un movimiento de avance sagital lineal maxilar de 7mm. Metodología: Se trata de una investigación experimental de laboratorio, utilizando como herramienta analítica el análisis de elementos finitos, con el fin de comprobar cuál de las técnicas sufrirá un mayor estrés biomecánico. Resultados: Se encontró que el estrés biomecánico generado es mayor cuando se aplica en 4 puntos que cuando se aplica solo en 2 puntos. Conclusión: Los resultados obtenidos brindan información a los cirujanos sobre la necesidad real de utilizar fijación adicional de acuerdo al método de fijación planificado. Sin embargo, debe interpretarse con cautela, considerando las limitaciones de este estudio. Por tanto, un análisis incipiente, que pretende aportar evidencias científicas de gran trascendencia.

Introduction: The Le Fort I osteotomy allows the correction of dentofacial deformities involving the middle third of the face. For its fixation, it was agreed to use four mini plates on the zygomaticomaxillary and nasomaxillary pillars. It was then proposed to dispense with the fixation of the posterior segment, raising questions related to the biomechanical capacity of the system. Objectives: To compare the biomechanical stress generated in three different means of fixation of the Le Fort I osteotomy against a 7mm maxillary linear sagittal advancement movement. Methodology: This is an experimental laboratory research, using finite element analysis as an analytical tool, in order to verify which of the techniques will suffer greater biomechanical stress. Results: It was found that the biomechanical stress generated is greater when applied to 4 points than when applied to only 2 points. Conclusion: The results obtained provide information to surgeons about the real need to use additional fixation according to the planned fixation method. However, it should be interpreted with caution, considering the limitations of this study. Therefore, an incipient analysis, which aims to provide scientific evidence of great significance.

Mechanical Evaluation of Different Stable Internal Fixation Techniques of Sagittal Osteotomy in Mandibular Advance / Evaluación Mecánica de Diferentes Técnicas de Fijación Interna Estable de Osteotomía Sagital en Avance Mandibular

The mandibular advancements performed in orthognathic surgeries can be stabilized with several techniques when using stable internal fixation. This study aims to comparatively evaluate, in vitro, the mechanical strength in a polyurethane mandibular model for four fixation techniques for sagittal split ramus osteotomy mandibular. 60 samples were divided into 4 groups, with 15 units for each group: group A, group B, group C and group D. Advances of 5 mm were made for each subgroup and fixed with 2.0 mm system plates and monocortical screws in the replicas of human hemimandibles in polyurethane resin. The samples were submitted to mechanical tests of linear loading, being evaluated the peak load and peak deformation. Technique B presented higher peak load (Kgf) and techniques A and B presented higher peak strain (p<0.05). Technique D presented lower peak load and lower peak strain (p<0.05). It is concluded that the study based on the development of new techniques for fixation for sagittal osteotomy of the mandibular ramus is of great importance for the advancement of orthognathic surgery, provided by the technical innovation of more favorable plate models.

Los avances mandibulares realizados en cirugías ortognáticas pueden estabilizarse con varias técnicas cuando se utiliza fijación interna estable. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar comparativamente, in vitro, la resistencia mecánica en un modelo mandibular de poliuretano para cuatro técnicas de fijación para la osteotomía sagital de la rama mandibular. Se dividieron 60 muestras en 4 grupos, con 15 unidades para cada grupo: grupo A, grupo B, grupo C y grupo D. Se realizaron avances de 5 mm para cada subgrupo y se fijaron con placas de sistema de 2,0 mm y tornillos monocorticales en las réplicas de hemimandíbulas humanas en resina de poliuretano. Las muestras fueron sometidas a pruebas mecánicas de carga lineal, siendo evaluadas la carga máxima y la deformación máxima. La técnica B presentó mayor pico de carga (Kgf) y las técnicas A y B presentaron mayor pico de deformación (p<0,05). La técnica D presentó menor carga máxima y menor tensión máxima (p<0,05). Se concluye que el estudio basado en el desarrollo de nuevas técnicas de fijación para la osteotomía sagital de la rama mandibular es de gran importancia para el avance de la cirugía ortognática, proporcionada por la innovación técnica de modelos de placas más favorables.

Caracterización de las fracturas supracondíleas del húmero en niños que requirieron manejo quirúrgico en un hospital de Santander, Colombia / Characterization of Supracondylar Fractures of the Humerus in Children who Required Surgical Management at a Hospital in Santander, Colombia / Caracterização das fraturas supracondilianas do úmero em crianças que precisaram de tratamento cirúrgico em um hospital de Santander, Colômbia

Introducción. El objetivo del estudio fue describir las características sociodemográficas, tratamiento y complicaciones pre y posquirúrgicas de las fracturas supracondíleas del húmero distal en niños que requirieron manejo quirúrgico en un hospital de Santander, Colombia. Metodología. Se trata de un estudio observacional, descriptivo, de corte transversal con 58 pacientes que cumplieron los siguientes criterios de inclusión: edad entre 3 a 14 años, fracturas supracondíleas de manejo quirúrgico; como criterios de exclusión se tomó: antecedente de enfermedad ósea o neurológica previa y fracturas de más de 7 días de evolución. Para las variables continuas se usó medidas de tendencia central y dispersión, las categóricas en porcentajes y frecuencias absolutas. Resultados. La edad media de presentación fue de 6.2 años, el principal mecanismo de trauma fue caídas de altura con un 96.5%. El 65.5% provenía de zonas urbanas. El 13.8% se asoció con fracturas de antebrazo, y el 3.4% de epitróclea. La fijación se realizó en un 75% con técnica cruzada y un 17.2% se asoció con lesión iatrogénica del nervio ulnar. Discusión. En el estudio no se informaron lesiones vasculares; sin embargo, se documentó una alta prevalencia de lesión neurológica con la fijación medial, similar a lo descrito en la literatura (1.4%-17.7%); algunos autores describen técnicas que disminuyen estas lesiones hasta en un 0%. Conclusión. Las características sociodemográficas de nuestra población coinciden con la estadística publicada mundialmente; la principal complicación fue la lesión iatrogénica nervio ulnar, que se puede disminuir con un uso racional del pin medial y con el empleo de técnicas que busquen rechazar directamente el nervio. Palabras clave: Fracturas del Húmero; Fijación Interna de Fracturas; Clavos Ortopédicos; Codo; Niño; Nervio Cubital.

Introduction. The objective of this study was to describe sociodemographic characteristic, treatment, and pre- and post-surgical complications of supracondylar fractures of the distal humerus in children who required surgical management at a hospital in Santander, Colombia. Methodology. This was an observational, descriptive, and cross-sectional study involving 58 patients who met inclusion criteria: age between 3 and 14 years old, supracondylar fractures with surgical management; exclusion criteria include previous bone or neurological illness and fractures with more than 7 days of evolution. Central tendency and dispersion measures were used for continuous variables, and categorical variables in percentages and absolute frequencies. Results. The average age at presentation was 6.2 years old, the main mechanism of trauma was fall from height (96.5%). 65.5% came from urban zones. The 13.8% were associated with forearm fractures, and 3.4% with epitrochlear fractures. Pinning was performed at 75% with crossed technique and 17.2% were associated with iatrogenic ulnar nerve injury. Discussion. Study didn't inform vascular injuries. However, a high prevalence of neurological injury with medial pinning was documented, similar to that describe in the literature (1.4%-17.7%); some author described techniques that reduce these lesions by 0%. Conclusion. The sociodemographic characteristics of our population match with worldwide published statistics; the main complication was iatrogenic ulnar nerve injury, which can be reduced with the rational use of medial pin and with the application of techniques that seek to directly spare the nerve. Keywords: Humeral Fractures; Fracture Fixation, Internal; Bone Nails; Elbow; Child; Ulnar Nerve.

Introdução. O objetivo do estudo foi descrever as características sociodemográficas, o tratamento e as complicações pré e pós-cirúrgicas das fraturas supracondilianas do úmero distal em crianças que precisaram de tratamento cirúrgico em um hospital de Santander, Colômbia. Metodologia. Trata-se de um estudo observacional, descritivo e transversal com 58 pacientes que atenderam aos seguintes critérios de inclusão: idade entre 3 e 14 anos, fraturas supracondilianas tratadas cirurgicamente. Os critérios de exclusão foram: histórico de doença óssea ou neurológica prévia e fraturas com duração superior a 7 dias de evolução. Para variáveis contínuas foram utilizadas medidas de tendência central e dispersão, as categóricas em percentuais e frequências absolutas. Resultados. A média de idade de apresentação foi de 6.2 anos, o principal mecanismo de trauma foi a queda de altura com 96.5%. 65.5% vieram de áreas urbanas. 13.8% estavam associados a fraturas de antebraço e 3.4% a epitróclea. A fixação foi realizada em 75% com técnica cruzada e 17.2% esteve associada à lesão iatrogênica do nervo ulnar. Discussão. Nenhuma lesão vascular foi relatada no estudo. No entanto, foi documentada alta prevalência de lesão neurológica com fixação medial, semelhante à descrita na literatura (1.4%-17.7%). Alguns autores descrevem técnicas que reduzem essas lesões em até 0%. Conclusão. As características sociodemográficas da nossa população coincidem com as estatísticas publicadas mundialmente. A principal complicação foi a lesão iatrogênica do nervo ulnar, que pode ser reduzida com o uso racional do pino medial e com o uso de técnicas que buscam rejeitar diretamente o nervo. Palavras-chave: Fraturas do Úmero; Fixação Interna de Fraturas; Pinos Ortopédicos; Cotovelo; Criança; Nervo Ulnar

Abordaje posterior en fracturas de meseta tibial complejas en pacientes tratados quirúrgicamente en el IAHULA / Posterior approach in complex tibial plateau fractures IAHUL A Surgically treated patients

Las fracturas de meseta tibial compleja se asocian a traumatismo de alta energía, principalmente en accidentes de motocicleta, siendo un desafío para el cirujano ortopedista. En la década de 1970, Schatzker propuso una clasificación radiológica para las fracturas de la meseta tibial, que destacaba la morfología de los seis tipos principales. Las imágenes de tomografía computarizada y tridimensional, han cambiado la comprensión y el tratamiento de las fracturas de la meseta tibial. Recientemente, esa clasificación original se complementó con una más amplia; puesto que, se introdujo el fragmento en cuña dividida y la continuidad de la columna posterior como determinantes de la estabilidad articular y el papel fundamental que desempeña en el tratamiento de las fracturas de la meseta tibial, con ellos también la importancia de abordajes quirúrgicos que permitan la visualización posterior para una adecuada reducción. El estudio documenta las técnicas de fijación interna y abordajes posteriores realizadas en el IAHULA, valorando los resultados clínicos en cuanto a dolor y satisfacción del paciente, como consolidación, pseudoartrosis o falla en la técnica de osteosíntesis realizada. El resultado a partir de las escalas de evaluación de la AO y KOOS, arrojaron que, con un efecto excelentes se agrupa un 28,6% y bueno a un 42,9%, indicando la importancia de la fijación de la columna posterior, para prevenir artrosis postraumática temprana e inestabilidad articular(AU)

A complex fracture of the posterior tibial plateau are related to high energy traumatisms, mainly during motorcycle accidents, becoming a challenge to the ortopedic surgen. During the seventies, Stchatzker proposed a radiologic classification for the tibial plateau fractures that pointed the morphology of six main types. The computarized and tridimensional tomographic images have changed the comprehension and treatment of these fractures. Recently, the original classification was complemented with a more broaded approach due to the introduction of the fragment in divided crib and the continuity of the posterior column as factors determining the articular stability and the fundamental roll played in the treatment of fractures of the tibial plateau, as well as the important roll of surgical approaches that allow the posterior visualization for a correct reduction. This research documents the technics of internal fixation and posterior approach developed in the IAHULA, evaluating the clinic results about patients' pain level and comfort, as well as the radiologic findings of consolidation, pseudoarthrosis, or fail in the technic of osteosynthesis developed. The results from a point of view of the evaluation scales of the AO and KOOS, show 28.6% with excellent outcomes, and 42.9% with good outcomes, indicating the importance of the fixation of the posterior column to prevent early start of posttraumatic arthrosis and articular instability(AU)

Epidemiología de las infecciones post osteosíntesis detectadas por baño de ultrasonido en el Servicio de Traumatología del Hospital Universitario de Caracas / Post osteosinthesis infections epidemiology by ultrasound bath in the trauma service of the University Hospital of Caracas

El objetivo de este trabajo es determinar la epidemiología de la infección post osteosíntesis a través de cultivos de fluidos sonicados en los pacientes del Hospital Universitario de Caracas en el período comprendido entre noviembre 2021-noviembre 2022. Se realizó un estudio observacional de tipo, serie de casos, a través de la revisión de historias médicas de todos los casos que acudieron con diagnóstico de infección post osteosíntesis a fin de determinar cuál agente causal fue el más común, factores de riesgo asociados y tratamiento de elección. Se incluyeron 10 pacientes, 70% de sexo masculino y edad promedio de 40,6±17,9 años. Los gérmenes aislados en el cultivo convencional fueron el SAMS, SAMR, Enterobacter cloacae, Staphylococcus coagulasa negativo (10,0% cada uno), el 60,0% de los cultivos en esta modalidad fueron negativos, en el cultivo de fluidos por baño de ultrasonido, el germen más frecuente fue el SAMR en el 30% de los casos, seguido del SAMS con 20%, en menor medida un caso de Staphylococcus coagulasa negativo y una infección polimicrobiana compuesta por K. pneumoniae, E. cloacae y Enterococo sp. El tratamiento médico consistió en antibioticoterapia vía endovenosa, se realizó de acuerdo al antibiograma obtenido del cultivo, el más empleado fue la cefazolina en 30% (en casos de SAMS), seguido de la vancomicina + meropenem y la vancomicina aislada en 20%. Todos los pacientes cumplieron tratamiento al menos por 4 semanas con evolución satisfactoria(AU)

The objective of this work is to determine the epidemiology of post-osteosynthesis infection through sonicated fluid cultures in patients at the Hospital Universitario de Caracas in the period between November 2021 and November 2022. An observational study of type, series of cases, through the review of the medical records of all the cases that presented with a diagnosis of post-osteosynthesis infection in order to determine which causative agent was the most common, associated risk factors and treatment of choice. 10 patients were included, 70% male and mean age 40.6 ± 17.9 years. The germs isolated in the conventional culture were SAMS, SAMR, Enterobacter cloacae, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (10.0% each), 60.0% of the cultures in this modality were negative, in the culture of fluids by bath of On ultrasound, the most frequent germ was MRSA in 30% of cases, followed by SAMS with 20%, to a lesser extent a case of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus and a polymicrobial infection made up of K. pneumoniae, E. cloacae and Enterococcus sp. The medical treatment consisted of intravenous antibiotic therapy, it was carried out according to the antibiogram obtained from the culture, the most used was cefazolin in 30% (in cases of SAMS), followed by vancomycin + meropenem and vancomycin alone in 20%. All patients complied with treatment for at least 4 weeks with satisfactory evolution(AU)

Fijación interna combinada con artroplastia total de cadera en fracturas acetabulares inveteradas complejas en ancianos. Reporte de caso / Internal fixation combined with total hip arthroplasty in complex inveterate acetabular fractures in the elderly. Case report

La fijación interna combinada con artroplastia en pacientes de edad avanzada, está indicada en fracturas acetabulares complejas inveteradas, artrosis preexistente, luxación inveterada, Impactación supero-medial de la cúpula acetabular, la finalidad de la cirugía es lograr la fijación de la columna anterior, columna posterior, lamina cuadrilátera y pared posterior para proporcionar estabilidad adecuada al componente acetabular y restaurar el centro de rotación de la cadera. Debido a la complejidad de estas lesiones, se decide presentar el siguiente caso clínico, que corresponde una paciente femenina de 70 años, quien posterior a traumatismo de baja energía presenta fractura inveterada compleja con patrón en T de Acetábulo de 8 meses de evolución. El Objetivo es: Evaluar los resultados del tratamiento de las fracturas acetabulares complejas en pacientes de edad avanzada con reducción abierta más fijación interna combinada con artroplastia total de cadera. Se realiza en un 1er tiempo: Abordaje Ilioinguinal, ORIF con placa de reconstrucción 3,5 mm para CA, 2do Tiempo: Abordaje de Kocher Langenbeck, ORIF con placa de reconstrucción 3,5 mm para CP y PP. 3er Tiempo: ATC izquierda primaria no cementada, con aporte biológico de injerto óseo autologo. Resultado: Se restableció la integridad de las líneas acetabulares, reducción anatómica según Matta, índice de Harris hip score de 88 puntos. Se concluye que el procedimiento combinado de ORIF mas ATC es el tratamiento ideal de las fracturas acetabulares complejas inveteradas en pacientes de edad avanzada(AU)

Internal fixation combined with arthroplasty in elderly patients is indicated in inveterate complex acetabular fractures, preexisting osteoarthritis, inveterate dislocation, supero medial impaction of the acetabular dome, the purpose of surgery is to achieve fixation of the anterior column (AC), posterior column (PC), quadrilateral plate, and posterior wall (PP) to provide adequate stability to the acetabular component and restore the hip center of rotation. Due to the complexity of these injuries, it is decided to present the following clinical case, which corresponds to a 70-year-old female patient, who, after a low-energy trauma, presents a complex inveterate fracture with a T-pattern of the acetabulum of 8 months of evolution. The Objective is: To evaluate the results of the treatment of complex acetabular fractures in elderly patients with open reduction plus internal fixation (ORIF) combined with total hip arthroplasty (THA). It is performed in a 1st stage: Ilioinguinal approach, ORIF with 3.5 mm reconstruction plate for (CA), 2nd Stage: Kocher Langenbeck approach, ORIF with 3.5 mm reconstruction plate for (CP) and (PP). 3rd Time: Uncemented primary left THA, with biological contribution of autologous bone graft. Result: The integrity of the acetabular lines was restored, anatomical reduction according to Matta, Harris hip score index of 88 points. It is concluded that the combined procedure (ORIF plus ATC) is the ideal treatment of inveterate complex acetabular fractures in elderly patients(AU)

Child Fractures: Are We Getting More Surgical? / Fraturas na criança: Estamos ficando mais cirúrgicos?

Abstract Historically, surgeries on the immature skeleton were reserved for open or articular fractures. In recent years, the improvement in the quality and safety of anesthesia, new imaging equipment, implants designed especially for pediatric fractures, associated with the possibility of shorter hospitalization time and rapid return to social life has demonstrated a new tendency to evaluate and treat fractures in children. The purpose of this update article is to answer the following questions: (1) Are we really turning more surgical in addressing fractures in children? (2) If this is true, is this surgical conduct based on scientific evidence? In fact, in recent decades, the medical literature demonstrates articles that support better evolution of fractures in children with surgical treatment. In the upper limbs, this is very evident in the systematization of the reduction and percutaneous fixation of supracondylar fractures of the humerus and fractures of the forearm bones. In the lower limbs, the same occurs with diaphyseal fractures of the femur and tibia. However, there are gaps in the literature. The available published studies show low scientific evidence. Thus, it can be inferred that, even though the surgical approach is more present, the treatment of pediatric fractures should always be individualized and conducted according to the knowledge and experience of the professional physician, taking into account the presence of technological resources available for the care of the small patient. All possibilities, non-surgical and/or surgical, should be included, always instituting actions based on science and in agreement with the family's wishes.

Resumo Historicamente, as cirurgias no esqueleto imaturo eram reservadas às fraturas expostas ou articulares. Nos últimos anos, a melhora na qualidade e segurança das anestesias, novos equipamentos de imagem, implantes desenhados especialmente para fraturas pediátricas, associados à possibilidade de menor tempo de hospitalização e rápido retorno ao convívio social vêm demonstrando uma nova tendência de avaliar e tratar fraturas na criança. O objetivo deste artigo de atualização é responder às seguintes questões: (1) estamos realmente ficando mais cirúrgicos na abordagem das fraturas em crianças? (2) Caso isto seja verdadeiro, esta conduta cirúrgica está baseada em evidências científicas? De fato, nas últimas décadas, a literatura médica demonstra artigos que suportam melhor evolução das fraturas na criança com o tratamento cirúrgico. Nos membros superiores, isto fica muito evidente na sistematização da redução e fixação percutânea das fraturas supracondilianas do úmero e das fraturas de ossos do antebraço. Nos membros inferiores, o mesmo ocorre com fraturas diafisárias do fêmur e tíbia. No entanto, há lacunas na literatura. Os estudos publicados são geralmente com baixa evidência científica. Assim, pode-se deduzir que, mesmo sendo a abordagem cirúrgica mais presente, o tratamento de fraturas pediátricas deve ser sempre individualizado e conduzido de acordo com o conhecimento e experiência do médico profissional, levando em conta a presença de recursos tecnológicos disponíveis para o atendimento do pequeno paciente. Deve-se incluir todas as possibilidades, não cirúrgicas e/ou cirúrgicas, sempre instituindo ações baseadas na ciência e em concordância com os anseios da família.

Comparison Between Surgical and Conservative Treatment for AOSpine Type A3 and A4 Thoracolumbar Fractures without Neurological Deficit: Prospective Observational Cohort Study / Comparação entre tratamento cirúrgico e conservador para fraturas toracolombares AOSpine tipo A3 e A4 sem déficit neurológico: Estudo de coorte prospectivo observacional

Abstract Objective To compare the clinical results between conservative (CS) and surgical treatment (CXS) of A3 and A4 fractures without neurological deficit. Methods Prospective observational study of patients with thoracolumbar fractures type A3 and A4. These patients were separated between the surgical and conservative groups, and evaluated sequentially through the numeric rating scale (NRS), Roland-Morris disability questionnaire (RMDQ), EuroQol-5D (EQ-5D) quality of life questionnaire, and Denis work scale (DWS) up to 2.5 years of follow-up. Results Both groups showed significant improvement, with no statistical difference in pain questionnaires (NRS: CXS 2.4 ± 2.6; CS 3.5 ± 2.6; p> 0.05), functionality (RMDQ: CS 7 ± 6.4; CXS 5.5 ± 5.2; p> 0.05), quality of life (EQ-5D), and return to work (DWS). Conclusion Both treatments are viable options with equivalent clinical results. There is a tendency toward better results in the surgical treatment of A4 fractures.

Resumo Objetivo Comparar os resultados clínicos entre os tratamentos conservador (CS) e cirúrgico (CXS) das fraturas A3 e A4 sem déficit neurológico. Métodos Estudo prospectivo observacional de paciente com fraturas toracolombares tipo A3 e A4. Esses pacientes foram separados entre os grupos cirúrgico e conservador e avaliados sequencialmente através da escala numérica de dor (NRS), do questionário de incapacidade de Roland-Morris (RMDQ), do EuroQol-5D (EQ-5D) e da escala de trabalho de Denis (DWS) até 2,5 anos de acompanhamento. Resultados Ambos os grupos apresentaram melhora significante, sem diferença estatística nos questionários de dor (NRS: CXS 2,4 ± 2,6; CS 3,5 ± 2,6; p> 0,05), funcionalidade (RMDQ: CS 7 ± 6,4; CXS 5,5 ± 5,2; p> 0,05), qualidade de vida (EQ-5D) e retorno ao trabalho (DWS). Conclusão Ambos os tratamentos são opções viáveis e com resultados clínicos equivalentes. Há uma tendência a melhores resultados no tratamento cirúrgico das fraturas A4.

Morbimortalidad en pacientes con fracturas intertrocantéricas de cadera tratadas con clavos cefalomedulares. Valor predictivo del Índice de Movilidad de Parker / Morbidity and mortality in intertrochanteric hip fractures treated with cephalo-medullary nailing. Predictive value of the Parker mobility score

Introducción: La fractura de cadera es un factor independiente que aumenta la morbimortalidad. El objetivo de este estudio retrospectivo fue determinar la morbimortalidad en ancianos con fracturas intertrocantéricas de cadera tratadas con clavos cefalomedulares. Materiales y métodos: Se analizó a pacientes tratados con clavo cefalomedular por fractura intertrocantérica de cadera, entre 2018 y 2021, y un seguimiento mínimo de 12 meses. Se registraron: datos demográficos, comorbilidades, capacidad funcional con el Índice de Movilidad de Parker, complicaciones y tasa de mortalidad a los 12 meses y al final del seguimiento. Se identificaron las variables independientes relacionadas con complicaciones o muerte. Resultados: Se incluyó a 68 pacientes (seguimiento medio 23 meses). La tasa de complicaciones fue del 8,8%: infección urinaria, neumonía, trombosis venosa profunda y tres pérdidas de fijación del tornillo cefálico. Al comparar pacientes con complicaciones o sin ellas, hubo diferencias significativas en la edad cuando se produjo la fractura. Las tasas de mortalidad anual y al concluir el estudio fueron del 2,9% y 29,4%, respectivamente. Las diferencias fueron significativas en la incidencia de comorbilidades renales, demencia, el Índice de Comorbilidad de Charlson >4 y el puntaje de Parker <5 en quienes fallecieron. El puntaje de Parker <5 fue la variable independiente relacionada con muerte. Conclusiones: Las tasas de complicaciones y de mortalidad a los 12 meses del tratamiento de las fracturas intertrocantéricas inestables de cadera con clavos cefalomedulares es aceptable en ancianos. El riesgo de muerte aumenta significativamente si el puntaje de Parker es <5 antes de la fractura. Nivel de Evidencia: IV

Introduction: Hip fracture represents an independent predictor of morbidity and mortality. The aim of this retrospective study was to assess the morbidity and mortality associated with intertrochanteric hip fractures fixed with cephalomedullary nails. materials and methods: We analyzed all patients treated between 2018 and 2021 with a cephalomedullary nail for an intertrochanteric hip fracture, with a minimum follow-up of 12 months. We evaluated the demographic data, comorbidities, functional level through the Parker Mobility Score (PMS), complications, and mortality (12 months and at the end of follow-up). Variables related to postoperative complications or death were identified by bivariate and multivariate regression analyses. Results: 68 patients were included. The mean follow-up was 23 (range 12-40) months. The rate of complications was 8.8% (n=6), 1 urinary tract infection, 1 pneumonia, 1 deep vein thrombosis, and 3 (4.4%) cephalic screw fixation losses. Patients who had complications presented significant differences in age at the time of fracture. Mortality at 12 months and at the end of the study was 2.9% (n=2) and 29.4% (n=20) respectively. Those patients who died presented significant differences in the incidence of kidney comorbidities, dementia, a Charlson Comorbidity Index > 4, and a PMS < 5. PMS < 5 was the only independent variable related to mortality. Conclusions: Cephalomedullary nailing in unstable intertrochanteric hip fractures in elderly patients represents a treatment option that offers an acceptable complication rate and a low 12-month mortality rate. The risk of death is significantly increased in patients with low functional scores (Parker < 5) pre-fracture. Level of Evidence: IV

Fractura de astrágalo asociado a fractura del cuboides en un niño de 9 años: reporte de caso / Talar fracture associated with cuboid fracture in a 9-year-old boy: case report / Fratura do tálus associada à fratura do cubóide em menino de 9 anos: relato de caso

Introducción: El astrágalo tiene una anatomía única y juega un papel fundamental en la función del tobillo y pie. Las fracturas de astrágalo se consideran una urgencia ortopédica especialmente las fracturas de cuello desplazadas, debido al alto riesgo de necrosis avascular. Sin embargo, estas son raras en los niños con una prevalencia estimada del 0,008% de todas las fracturas pediátricas. Las fracturas del cuello del astrágalo se asocian con una alta tasa de complicaciones, entre las más importantes se destacan la artrosis postraumática y la necrosis avascular. Éstas están relacionadas principalmente con el grado de desplazamiento inicial del cuello del astrágalo y la incidencia puede ser del 100%. Objetivos: Los objetivos del presente trabajo son demostrar la evolución de un paciente con una patología poco frecuente, con una asociación lesional no reportada hasta el momento y realizar una revisión bibliográfica del tema. Material y métodos: Se evaluó de forma retrospectiva un paciente de sexo masculino de 9 años con una luxo-fractura de cuello de astrágalo de pie izquierdo asociado a una fractura de cuboides. Se evaluaron los resultados clínicos radiológicos y funcionales luego de 3 años de evolución. Resultados: En nuestro caso se realizó reducción abierta y fijación percutánea. Se logró una excelente consolidación ósea sin complicaciones y con buena funcionalidad del tobillo luego de 3 años de seguimiento. Se realizó la escala AOFAS obteniendo una puntuación de 93/100. No presentó limitaciones en cuanto al dolor, con un total de 40 puntos, no mostró limitaciones en cuanto a la función, con un total de 45 puntos. Observamos una leve desaxación en valgo del retropie, asintomático, con un total de 8 puntos. Conclusiones: Las fracturas del astrágalo son raras en la población pediátrica pero pueden ocasionar complicaciones graves. En nuestro caso observamos una fractura grave, con una asociación lesional no descrita hasta el momento, que presentó muy buena evolución, con una consolidación ósea, sin complicaciones y con buen resultado funcional a los 3 años de la cirugía. Al tratarse de una patología muy poco frecuente y rara, la bibliografía revisada es en general de baja evidencia científica y se basa en su mayoría en reporte de casos clínicos, excepto una revisión sistemática con bajo numero de pacientes.

Introduction: The talus has a unique anatomy and plays a fundamental role in the function of the ankle and foot. Talar fractures are considered an orthopedic emergency, especially displaced neck fractures, due to the high risk of avascular necrosis. However, these are rare in children with an estimated prevalence of 0.008% of all pediatric fractures. Talar neck fractures are associated with a high rate of complications, the most important of which include post-traumatic osteoarthritis and avascular necrosis. These are mainly related to the degree of initial displacement of the talar neck and the incidence can be 100%. Objectives: The objectives of this work are to demonstrate the evolution of a patient with a rare pathology, with an injury association not reported so far and to carry out a bibliographic review of the topic. Material and methods: A 9-year-old male patient with a talar neck fracture dislocation of the left foot associated with a cuboid fracture was retrospectively evaluated. Clinical, radiological and functional results were evaluated after 3 years of evolution. Results: In our case, open reduction and percutaneous fixation were performed. Excellent bone union was achieved without complications and with good ankle functionality after 3 years of follow-up. The AOFAS scale was performed, obtaining a score of 93/100. It did not present limitations in terms of pain, with a total of 40 points, it did not show limitations in terms of function, with a total of 45 points. We observed a slight valgus dexation of the hindfoot, asymptomatic, with a total of 8 points. Conclusions: Talar fractures are rare in the pediatric population but can cause serious complications. In our case we observed a serious fracture, with an injury association not described until now, which presented a very good evolution, with bone consolidation, without complications and with good functional result 3 years after surgery. As it is a very infrequent and rare pathology, the literature reviewed is generally of low scientific evidence and is based mostly on clinical case reports, except for a systematic review with a low number of patients.

Introdução: O tálus possui anatomia única e desempenha papel fundamental na função do tornozelo e do pé. As fraturas do tálus são consideradas uma emergência ortopédica, principalmente as fraturas deslocadas do colo, devido ao alto risco de necrose avascular. No entanto, estas são raras em crianças, com uma prevalência estimada de 0,008% de todas as fraturas pediátricas. As fraturas do colo do tálus estão associadas a uma alta taxa de complicações, sendo as mais importantes a osteoartrite pós-traumática e a necrose avascular. Estas estão relacionadas principalmente ao grau de deslocamento inicial do colo do tálus e a incidência pode ser de 100%. Objetivos: Os objetivos deste trabalho são demonstrar a evolução de um paciente com patologia rara, com associação de lesão até o momento não relatada e realizar uma revisão bibliográfica sobre o tema. Material e métodos: Foi avaliado retrospectivamente um paciente do sexo masculino, 9 anos de idade, com fratura luxação do colo do tálus do pé esquerdo associada a fratura do cuboide. Os resultados clínicos, radiológicos e funcionais foram avaliados após 3 anos de evolução. Resultados: No nosso caso foi realizada redução aberta e fixação percutânea. Excelente consolidação óssea foi alcançada sem complicações e com boa funcionalidade do tornozelo após 3 anos de acompanhamento. Foi realizada a escala AOFAS, obtendo pontuação de 93/100. Não apresentou limitações em termos de dor, com um total de 40 pontos, não apresentou limitações em termos de função, com um total de 45 pontos. Observamos leve dexação em valgo do retropé, assintomática, com total de 8 pontos. Conclusões: As fraturas do tálus são raras na população pediátrica, mas podem causar complicações graves. No nosso caso observamos uma fratura grave, com associação de lesão até então não descrita, que apresentou evolução muito boa, com consolidação óssea, sem complicações e com bom resultado funcional 3 anos após a cirurgia. Por se tratar de uma patologia muito pouco frequente e rara, a literatura revista é geralmente de baixa evidência científica e baseia-se maioritariamente em relatos de casos clínicos, exceto uma revisão sistemática com um número reduzido de doentes.

Fractura de Tillaux en adultos. Reporte de un caso y revisión de la bibliografía / Tillaux fracture in adults. Case report and literature review

Introducción: La fractura de la región anterolateral de la epífisis distal de la tibia, o tubérculo de Tillaux-Chaput, es conocida como fractura de Tillaux. Se trata de una fractura extremadamente rara en los adultos, pero tiene una importancia fundamental, porque compromete la superficie articular tibio-astragalina, la estabilidad de la sindesmosis y, en algunos casos, la incisura peronea. Se presenta el caso de una mujer de 45 años con un traumatismo rotatorio del tobillo izquierdo e impotencia funcional y dolor en la región anterolateral del tobillo. Las radiografías generaron la sospecha de un trazo de fractura correspondiente al tubérculo de Tillaux-Chaput. Por lo tanto, se realizó una tomografía computarizada que confirmó una fractura de Tillaux, que tenía un desplazamiento >2 mm y compromiso de la incisura peronea. La paciente fue sometida a reducción abierta y fijación interna. La fractura consolidó a los 3 meses. Al año de la cirugía, su estado clínico y funcional es excelente. Conclusión: La sospecha diagnóstica que surge de una completa anamnesis y un meticuloso examen físico, y la confirmación mediante estudios por imágenes son esenciales para abordar correctamente patrones de fracturas raros, como la fractura de Tillaux. Nivel de Evidencia: IV

Introduction: The fracture of the anterolateral region of the distal tibial epiphysis, or Tillaux-Chaput tubercle, is known as Tillaux fracture. It is an exceptional entity in adults, but it has significant importance because it affects the tibiotalar joint surface, the stability of the syndesmosis, and, in some cases, the fibular notch. We present the case of a 45-year-old woman treated in the Emergency Service due to rotational trauma to the left ankle and functional impairment and pain in the anterolateral region of the ankle. The radiographs led to the suspicion of a fracture line corresponding to the Tillaux-Chaput tubercle. Therefore, a CT scan was performed, which confirmed a Tillaux fracture with a >2 mm displacement and involvement of the fibular notch. The patient underwent open reduction and internal fixation. The fracture consolidated after 3 months. One year after surgery, her clinical and functional status was excellent. Conclusion:Diagnostic suspicion through meticulous physical examination and anamnesis and confirmation by imaging studies are essential for the proper management of rare fracture patterns, such as Tillaux fractures. Level of Evidence: IV

Modified tragus edge incision and transmasseteric anteroparotid approach to condyle reconstruction / 华西口腔医学杂志

OBJECTIVES@#This study aimed to analyze the application value of a modified tragus edge incision and transmasseteric anteroparotid approach to condyle reconstruction.@*METHODS@#Condyle reconstruction was performed in 16 patients (9 females and 7 males) with modified tragus edge incision and transmasseteric anteroparotid approach. After regular follow-up, the function of condyle reconstruction was evaluated by clinical indicators, such as parotid salivary fistula, facial nerve function, mouth opening, occlusal relationship, and facial scar. The morphology of rib graft rib cartilage was evaluated by imaging indicators, such as panoramic radiography, CT, and three-dimensional CT image reconstruction.@*RESULTS@#At 6-36 months postoperative follow-up, all patients had good recovery of facial appearance, concealed incisional scar, no parotid salivary fistula, good mouth opening, and occlusion. One case had temporary facial paralysis and recovered after treatment. Radiographic evaluation further showed that costochondral graft survived in normal anatomic locations.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The modified tragus edge incision and transmasseteric anteroparotid approach can effectively reduce parotid salivary fistula and facial nerve injury in condylar reconstruction. The surgical field was clearly exposed, and the incision scar was concealed without increasing the incidence of other complications. Thus, this approach is worthy of clinical promotion.

Risk of Neurovascular Injury during Screw Fixation of Tibial Tubercle Fractures in Pediatric and Adolescent Patients / Risco de lesão neurovascular durante a fixação com parafuso de fraturas da tuberosidade da tíbia em pacientes pediátricos e adolescentes

Abstract Objective To review knee magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans for the analysis of the location of neurovascular structures (NVSs), and to define the risk of bicortical fixation. Methods Distances between the posterior cortex and the popliteal NVSs were measured on the MRI scans of 45 adolescents (50 knees) at 3 levels (C1: center of the proximal tibial epiphysis; C2: 10 mm distal to the physis; and C3: 20 mm distal to the physis). The NVSs located between 5 mm and 10 mm from the incision were considered in a zone of moderate risk for damage, while those less than 5 mm from the incision were considered in a zone of high risk for damage, and those more than 10 mm from the incision were considered to be in a zone of low risk for damage. The independent Student t-test was used for the comparison of the NVS distance 0with gender, skeletal maturity, and the tibial tubercle-trochlear groove (TT-TG) distance. Values of p < 0.05 were regarded as statistically significant. Results The path of the C1 screw posed an increased risk of damage to the popliteal artery and vein compared with other screw paths (p < 0.001). The popliteal artery has a high risk of damage at the level of C1 (4.2 ± 2.2mm), and a moderate risk at C2 (9.6 ± 2.4mm), and the popliteal vein has a moderate risk at C1 (6.0 ± 2.7 mm), and a low risk at C2 and C3 (10.8 ± 3.1mm, and 12.05 ± 3.1mm respectively). The C3 position presented the lowest risk of damage to these structures (p < 0.001). The distance between the posterior tibial cortex and the posterior tibial nerve was < 15 mm at the 3 levels analyzed (C1: 11.0 ± 3.7 mm; C2:13.1 ± 3.8 mm; and C3:13 ± 3.9 mm). Conclusions The present study clarifies that the popliteal vessels are at risk of injury during tibial tubercle screw fixation, particularly when drilling the proximal tibial epiphysis. Monocortical drilling and screw fixation are recommended for the surgical treatment of tibial tubercle fractures. Level of Evidence III Diagnostic study.

Resumo Objetivo Revisar estudos de ressonância magnética (RM) do joelho para análise da localização das estruturas neurovasculares (ENVs) e definição do risco de fixação bicortical. Métodos As distâncias entre o córtex posterior e as ENVs poplíteas foram medidas nas RMs de 45 adolescentes (50 joelhos) em 3 níveis (C1: centro da epífise proximal da tíbia; C2:10 mm distalmente à fise e C3: 20 mm distalmente à fise). Considerou-se que as ENVs entre 5mme10mmda incisão estavam na zona de risco moderado de lesão, as ENVs a menos de 5 mm da incisão, na zona de alto risco de lesão, e as ENVs a mais de 10 mm da incisão, na zona de baixo risco de lesão. O teste t de Student independente foi usado para comparar a distância até as ENVs com o gênero, a maturidade esquelética e a distância entre a tuberosidade tibial e a garganta (fundo) da tróclea (TT-GT). Valores de p < 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos. Resultados A trajetória do parafuso em C1 apresentou maior risco de lesão à artéria e à veia poplítea em comparação com outras trajetórias (p < 0,001). A artéria poplítea apresenta risco de lesão alto em C1 (4,2 ± 2,2 mm) e moderado em C2 (9,6 ± 2,4 mm), e a veia poplítea tem risco moderado em C1 (6,0±2,7 mm) e baixo em C2 e C3 (10,8±3,1 mm e 12,05±3,1mm, respectivamente). A posição C3 apresentou o menor risco de lesão dessas estruturas (p < 0,001). A distância entre o córtex tibial posterior e o nervo tibial posterior foi inferior a 15 mm nos 3 níveis analisados (C1: 11,0±3,7mm; C2: 13,1±3,8 mm; e C3: 13±3,9mm). Conclusões Este estudo esclarece que os vasos poplíteos correm risco de lesão durante a fixação do parafuso na tuberosidade tibial, principalmente durante a perfuração da epífise proximal da tíbia. A perfuração monocortical e a fixação com parafusos são recomendadas para o tratamento cirúrgico das fraturas da tuberosidade tibial. Nível de Evidência III Estudo diagnóstico.

Evaluación subjetiva de la hipoestesia subclavicular luego de una reducción abierta y fijación interna de fracturas de clavícula / Subjective evaluation of subclavicular hypoesthesia after open reduction and internal fixation of clavicle fractures

Introducción: Las fracturas de clavícula representan el 4% de las fracturas del adulto; el 80% son mediodiafisarias. Se ha de-mostrado que el tratamiento quirúrgico disminuye el riesgo de seudoartrosis, consolidación viciosa y dolor residual, aunque no está exento de complicaciones, como la hipoestesia regional (12-29%), entre otras. Objetivo: Evaluar la incidencia de hipoestesia subclavicular luego de una reducción abierta y fijación interna para una fractura de clavícula, si afecta la calidad de vida del paciente y cómo la afecta. Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal analítico prospectivo de pacientes con una fractura mediodiafisaria desplazada de clavícula tratados con reducción abierta y fijación interna entre 2018 y 2021. Se utilizó un cuestionario elaborado por el equipo, que consistió en 6 preguntas para responder de forma anónima. Se evaluó la presencia de hipoestesia subclavicular, dolor regional y afectación de la vida cotidiana. Resultados: Se evaluó a 29 pacientes con un seguimiento posoperatorio mínimo de un año, operados mediante un abordaje longitudinal. Veintidós (76%) tenían alteración de la sensibilidad y siete (24%) negaron este síntoma. La hipoestesia subclavicular afectó la calidad de vida de manera leve o nula del 97% de los pacientes. Conclusión: Es importante advertirle al paciente antes de la cirugía sobre la posibilidad de hipoestesia cutánea como complicación posoperatoria, debido a su alta frecuencia, aunque es poco probable que dicha complicación afecte la calidad de vida. Nivel de Evidencia: IV

Introduction: Clavicle fractures account for 4% of adult fractures, with mid-shaft fractures accounting for 80%. Although surgical treatment reduces the risk of pseudarthrosis, malunion, and residual pain, it is not without complications such as regional hypoesthesia (12-29%). Objective: To determine the prevalence of subclavicular hypoesthesia following open reduction and internal fixation for clavicle fracture, as well as if and how it impacts the patient's quality of life. Materials and Methods: A prospective cross-sectional analytical study of patients with displaced clavicle midshaft fractures treated with ORIF between 2018-2021 was performed. The research team used a questionnaire with six items that were completed anonymously. The presence of infraclavicular hypoesthesia, regional pain, and daily life interference was assessed. Results: Twenty-nine patients treated surgically with a longitudinal approach and with a minimum postoperative follow-up of one year were evaluated. Twenty-two patients (76%) had altered sensitivity, whereas seven (24%) denied the existence of the symptom. In 97% of individuals with subclavicular hypoesthesia, quality of life was impaired minimally or not at all. Conclusions: Before undergoing surgery, it is important to inform the patient about the risk of cutaneous numbness as a postoperative consequence due to its high frequency but improbable impact on daily activities. Level of Evidence: IV

Lesiones iatrogénicas del nervio radial en la osteosíntesis de la diáfisis humeral / Intraoperative iatrogenic injury of the radial nerve in humerus osteosynthesis

Introducción: Los objetivos de este estudio fueron determinar la incidencia de lesión iatrogénica intraquirúrgica del nervio radial durante la osteosíntesis de la diáfisis y el extremo distal del húmero, distinguir factores de riesgos asociados y reconocer elementos pronósticos que participan de su recuperación. Materiales y Métodos: Se evaluó, en forma retrospectiva, a 82 pacientes con osteosíntesis de húmero entre 2005 y 2021, sin parálisis radial preoperatoria. Se consideraron los sistemas de fijación utilizados, y se compararon las cirugías primarias con las reoperaciones y el tiempo transcurrido entre estas. El diagnóstico de parálisis radial posoperatorio fue clínico. Todos los pacientes fueron tratados con férula en extensión de muñeca, electroestimulación, kinesiología y vitaminas B1, B6, B12. La electromiografía se solicitó a los fines del pronóstico. Resultados: Nueve pacientes tuvieron déficit motor del nervio radial en el posoperatorio inmediato. El sistema de fijación era una placa (7 casos), sistema de cable-placa (1 caso) y clavo endomedular acerrojado anterógrado (1 caso). Siete ocurrieron en cirugías primarias y dos en reoperaciones. El 88% recuperó su función motora completamente antes de los 6 meses después de la parálisis. La electromiografía reveló un nervio radial no excitable en el 22% restante con parálisis definitiva. Conclusiones: El uso de placa de osteosíntesis, la disección intraoperatoria del nervio radial y las reoperaciones aumentan la incidencia de parálisis. Un nervio radial no excitable se relaciona con un peor pronóstico de recuperación espontánea. Nivel de Evidencia: IV

Introduction: The purpose of this study is to determine the incidence of intraoperative iatrogenic radial nerve injury after osteosynthesis of the diaphysis and distal end of the humerus, identify associated risk factors, and determine the prognostic factors involved in its recovery. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively assessed 82 humerus osteosynthesis cases between 2005 and 2021 who had normal radial nerve function before surgery. We evaluated the fixation systems used, the type of surgery (primary versus revision), and the intervals between surgeries. The diagnosis of postoperative radial palsy was made by clinical examination. All patients were treated with wrist extension splint, physiotherapy, and vitamins B1, B6, and B12. Results: After humerus fixation, 9 patients developed motor palsy. Seven cases were fixed with plates, one with a cable-plate system, and one with an anterograde locking intramedullary nail. Seven cases (22%) occurred after primary procedures, while two occurred during revisions. Within 6 months, 88% had regained full motor function. In the remaining 22% of patients with definite palsy, electromyography revealed no excitability of the radial nerve. Conclusions: The use of an osteosynthesis plate, as well as intraoperative dissection and neurolysis of the radial nerve, were identified as risk factors for the development of radial palsy. Reoperations on the humerus, on the other hand, are a risk factor that increases the likelihood of postoperative radial nerve palsy. A radial nerve with no excitability on the postoperative electromyogram has a poor prognosis of spontaneous radial nerve function recovery. Level of Evidence: IV

Fixation of Mallet Fractures Using a Modified Hook Plate Technique: A Prospective Case Series of 17 Patients / Fixação de fraturas em martelo com técnica de placa de gancho modificada: Uma série de casos prospectivos de 17 pacientes

Abstract Objective Various modalities have been suggested to manage mallet fractures; however, inappropriate treatment can lead to extension lag, a swan neck deformity, or arthritis of the distal interphalangeal joint (DIPJ). The current study aimed to evaluate the results (functional, radiological, and complications) of open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) of mallet fractures using low-cost hook plates fabricated from low-profile titanium mini plates. Methods A prospective case series of 17 consecutive patients (average age of 32.3 years) with mallet fractures (six were Wehbe Type IB and 11 were Wehbe Type MB). Eleven (64.7%) were males. The affected hand was dominant in all patients, and the affected digit was the index in 6 (35.3%), the ring in 5 (29.4%), the small in 3 (17.65%), and the middle in 3 (17.65%) patients. The same fellowship-trained hand surgeon performed all surgeries. Results The average operative time was 37.65 minutes. After an average follow-up of 10.94 months (range 6-27), the average DIPJ motion was 50º º (range 20º-70º), the extensor lag was noted in 4 (23.5%) patients, and complications were reported in 6 (35.29%) patients. According to Crawford criteria, 6 (35.3%) patients achieved excellent results, 7 (41.2%) achieved good results, and 4 (23.5%) achieved fair results. Conclusion The modified hook plate technique for fixation of mallet fractures is a beneficiai, economical, yet demanding technique that adequately provides stable fixation to allow early DIPJ motion with acceptable functional outcomes.

Resumo Objetivo Diversas modalidades têm sido sugeridas para o tratamento de fraturas em martelo; no entanto, o tratamento inadequado pode causar retardo de extensão, deformidade em pescoço de cisne ou artrite da articulação interfalangiana distal (AIFD). Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os desfechos (funcionais, radiológicos e complicações) da redução aberta e fixação interna (RAFI) das fraturas em martelo com placas de gancho de baixo custo fabricadas com mini placas de titânio de baixo perfil. Métodos Série de casos prospectivos de 17 pacientes consecutivos (idade média de 32,3 anos) com fraturas em martelo (seis do tipo IB e 11 do tipo IIB de Wehbe). Onze (64,7%) pacientes eram do sexo masculino. A mão acometida era a dominante em todos os pacientes, com acometimento do dedo indicador em seis (35,3%), anelar em cinco (29,4%), mínimo em três (17,65%) e médio em três (17,65%) pacientes. O mesmo cirurgião de mão experiente realizou todas as cirurgias. Resultados O tempo operatório médio foi de 37,65 minutos. Após um acompanhamento médio de 10,94 meses (intervalo de 6 a 27), observou-se movimento médio da AIFD de 50º (intervalo de 20º a 70º), retardo de extensão em quatro (23,5%) pacientes e complicações em seis (35,29%) pacientes. De acordo com os critérios de Crawford, os desfechos foram excelentes em seis (35,3%), bons em sete (41,2%) e regulares em quatro (23,5%) pacientes. Conclusão A técnica da placa de gancho modificada para fixação de fraturas em martelo é benéfica e econômica, mas exigente; permite fixação estável e adequada para permitir a movimentação precoce da AIFD com desfechos funcionais aceitáveis.

Percutaneous pedicle screw fixation combined expandable tubular retractor in the treatment of spinal metastases / 北京大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the effectiveness of percutaneous pedicle screw fixation combined expandable tubular retractor in the treatment of patients with spinal metastases.@*METHODS@#In the study, 12 patients of spinal metastases treated with percutaneous pedicle screw fixation combined expandable tubular retractor in our hospital were retrospectively reviewed between June 2017 and October 2019. Among the 12 patients, 9 were males and 3 were females; the median age was 62.5 years [(65.1±2.9) years]. The decompression segment of 7 patients was located at the lower thoracic spine (including 1 patient with incomplete paraplegia) and the decompression segment of 5 patients was located at the lumbar spine; Tomita score was 6.0±0.6. Perioperative data of the patients were reviewed. Visual analog scale (VAS score), Karnofsky score, and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) score were compared before and after surgery. The patient's survival, adjuvant treatment, and internal fixation failure were observed in the follow-up period.@*RESULTS@#All the 12 patients had a successful operation with percuta-neous pedicle screw fixation combined expandable tubular retractor. The average operative time, blood loss, and blood transfused of the patients were (247.0±14.6) min, (804.2±222.3) mL and (500.0±100.0) mL, respectively. The average amount of drainage was (240.8±79.3) mL. Drainage tubes were pulled out early postoperative [(3.2±0.3) d], allowing early mobilization. The patients discharged (7.8±0.8) d postoperative. All the patients were followed up for 6-30 months, and the average overall survival time was (13.6±2.4) months. During the follow-up period, 2 patients experienced screw displacement, the internal fixation was stable after conservative treatment and no revision surgery was performed. The VAS of the patients was 7.1±0.2 before surgery, which decreased to 2.3±0.1 and 2.8±0.4 at 3 and 6 months after surgery (P < 0.05). The Karnofsky score of the patients was 59.2±1.9 before surgery, which increased to 75.0±1.9 and 74.2±3.1 at 3 and 6 months after surgery (P < 0.05). The ECOG of the patients was 2.3±0.2 before surgery, which decreased to 1.7±0.1 and 1.7±0.2 at 3 and 6 months after surgery (P < 0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#For selected patients with spinal metastases, minimally invasive surgical treatment of spinal metastases (percutaneous pedicle screw internal fixation combined with expandable tubular retractor) can effectively relieve the clinical symptoms and improve the quality of life, with satisfactory clinical outcome.

Treatment of spinal burst fractures with pedicle screw fixation at high altitude area / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#According to the characteristics of spinal burst fractures in high-altitude areas and the local medical conditions, to explore the clinical efficacy of short-segment fixation with pedicle screws combined with screw placement in injured vertebrae in the treatment of thoracolumbar burst fractures.@*METHODS@#From August 2018 to December 2021, 12 patients with single-vertebral thoracolumbar burst fractures without neurological symptoms were treated with injured vertebral screw placement technique, including 7 males and 5 females;aged 29 to 54 years old, with an average of(42.50±7.95) years old;6 cases of traffic accident injury, 4 cases of high fall injury, 2 cases of heavy object injury;2 cases of T11, 4 cases of T12, 3 cases of L1, 2 cases of L2, and 1 case of L3. In the operation, screws were first placed in the upper and lower vertebrae of the fracture, pedicle screws were placed in the injured vertebra, and connecting rods were installed, and the fractured vertebral body was reset by positioning and distraction. Visual analogue scale (VAS) and Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) scoring were used to evaluate the changes in pain and quality of life of patients, and the kyphotic correction rate and correction loss rate of the injured segment were measured by X-ray.@*RESULTS@#All operations were successful without significant intraoperative complications. All 12 patients were followed up, the duration ranged from 9 to 27 months, with an mean of (17.75±5.79) months. VAS at 3 days after operation was significantly higher than that at admission (t=6.701, P=0.000). There was significant difference in JOA score between 9 months after operation and at admission (t=5.085, P=0.000). Three days after operation, Cobb angle was (4.42±1.16)°, and the correction rate was (82±5)% compared with (25.67±5.71)° at admission. Cobb angle was (5.08±1.24) °at 9 months after operation, with a corrected loss rate of (16±13)%. No loosening or breakage of internal fixation was found.@*CONCLUSION@#Under the high-altitude hypobaric and hypoxic environment, the effect of the operation should be ensured while reducing the trauma. The application of the technique of placing screws on the injured vertebra can effectively restore and maintain the height of the injured vertebra, with less bleeding and shorter fixed segments, which is an effective method.